The Drug Enforcement Administration recently published a rule in the Federal Register clarifying that certain marijuana extracts — notably cannabidiol, or CBD — are indeed Schedule I controlled substances and just as illegal under federal law as whole-plant marijuana itself.
DEA spokesman Russell Baer says it is an administrative measure to help with record-keeping, but the rule drew attention for its use of the archaic spelling of “marihuana” — with an “H” instead of a “J.” The rule is entitled “Establishment of a New Code for Marihuana Extract,” and uses the H spelling throughout.
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Some marijuana legalization advocates speculated that this spelling was used to be sneaky, “so the article wouldn’t pop up under any searches for changes in marijuana policy.” Others asked “when the DEA will step into the 21st century and stop using the archaic version of the word ‘marihuana.'”
The spelling is freighted with historical significance. Traditionally, the plant and the drugs derived from it had been called “cannabis,” the scientific word for the genus of the plant itself. “‘Cannabis’ is the botanical term for the plant, and the term for the drug in most of the world,” explained drug policy expert Mark Kleiman of NYU in an email.
In the early 20th century “marijuana” or “marihuana” were primarily colloquial terms borrowed from Mexican Spanish, as the Brookings Institution’s John Hudak explains in his book Marijuana: A Short History.
“During and especially after the Spanish-American War,” Hudak writes, “American resentment toward Mexicans and Mexican immigrants exploded.” Authorities who wanted to prohibit use of the drug soon discovered that associating it with Mexican immigrants was an effective propaganda tool.
The word marijuana – with both “H” and “J” variants – was “popularized in the United States during the 1930s by advocates of prohibition who sought to exploit prejudice against despised minority groups, especially Mexican immigrants,” explained journalist and medical marijuana advocate Martin Lee in his book “Smoke Signals.”
NYU’s Kleiman said that “if the drug could be made to sound Mexican it would seem more dangerous.”
The “h” variant is what eventually made its way into the Marihuana Tax Act of the 1930s, the federal government’s first crack at regulating the drug. That spelling was again used in the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970.
Starting in the 1960s “marijuana” began to be adopted as the preferred spelling in popular usage. “Marihuana” declined precipitously in the 1970s shortly after the passage of the Controlled Substances Act.
You can see the evolution of all three terms – “cannabis,” “marijuana” and “marihuana” — in Google’s corpus of English language books between the 1860s and early 2000s. In the late 19th and early 20th century, “cannabis” was the dominant term. Starting in the 1930s both “marijuana” and “marihuana” gained popularity. The use of all terms exploded in the 1960s, particularly “marijuana.”
The cause for the switch between the “h” and the “j” isn’t clear. Kleiman attributes it to “people learning how to pronounce Spanish words,” but stresses he doesn’t know for certain. The ’70s were a time of increasing marijuana use nationwide, and many of those new users appear to have adopted the spelling with the “j.”
Today, “marihuana” is rarely used and “cannabis” is making a comeback. Many in the drug reform community advocate doing away with “marijuana” altogether due to the term’s racial baggage. A number of researchers prefer using “cannabis” as well, as a simple matter of precision.
As for the DEA, spokesman Russell Baer told me they use “marijuana” and “marihuana” interchangeably. He said “there’s no clear dividing line” between the two. The spelling used in any given document usually comes down to the preference of whoever’s writing it, he said.
Indeed, a perusal of the DEA’s federal register notices turns up numerous results for both “marijuana” and “marihuana.”
Asked how the DEA would respond to advocates arguing for dumping the word “marijuana” completely, Baer declined to comment.
